Ich bin ein Berliner-The Jelly Doughnut Myth

A Discussion On Same Sex Parenting - 2169 Words

Introduction: Homosexuality in general seems to be more accepted than a few decades ago. However, despite the progress the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender) civil right movement has had in recent times, there are still great debates and consequences for the gay community (Slenders, Sieben Verbakel, 2014). Moreover, a sensitive issue concerning gay marriage and allowing same-sex parenting children evokes great controversies. Thus, qualitative research methods such as interviews, ethnography or focus groups can be appropriate in this area in order to gain insights of people’s opinion such as gay or lesbian parents. Is there a difference in same-sex parenting? Does parental sexual orientation affect child development? This essay will illustrate how qualitative methods can be useful in gathering information, opinions and attitudes of gay couples towards same-sex parenting. This essay will outline two qualitative methods according to this issue and critically evaluate which of the two qualitative methods (ethnography or interviews) could be appropriate in approaching this social issue. In conclusion, the essay will explain why ethnography is a more suitable approach to this topic rather than interview approach. Background Gay and lesbian marriages or partnerships have been increasing since the 1980’s (Macionis Plummer, 2012). Moreover, in some countries such as the United States, gay couples are allowed to adopt children (Macionis Plummer, 2012). KimmelShow MoreRelatedBiological Influence Of Male Homosexuality882 Words   |  4 Pagessexual orientation by analysing the hypothalamus in autopsy specimens from homosexual and heterosexual men. Increased possibilities of same-sex orientation were discovered in the maternal male cousins and uncles of the participants, instead of their father or parental relatives. Also, the researchers discovered a brain cell group ‘INAH’ had a potentiality of being the sex-orientated DNA, indicating that the reason of homosexuality may be related to genetics. The research is conducted by by Simon LeVayRead MoreWriting And Fear Public Speaking881 Words   |  4 Pagesof a group of people. It is intimidating, and I would rather not force myself into a situation that will make me uncomfortable. The topic that I would most like to talk about during the second part of class is same-sex marriage. This subject will make an interesting point for discussion and will spark debate, which is a vital part of philosophy class. I would love to talk about something that I care about so much in an academic setting. It would be fascinating to hear why people support or disapproveRead MoreThe Debate on Homosexuals Adopting Children Essay1086 Words   |  5 Pagesit’ll affect children mentally and will be raised in the wrong way. In an online blog, Alpen Gideon describes the discussions people have over homosexual marriages adopting children. One of the discussions is that the child could become gay for being raised by a homosexual marriage. Parents are the role models that the children look up. I do not agree that kids being raised by two of the same couples will turn out to be gay. I’m not saying that every child will become gay, but they will be affected somewayRead MoreHomosexual Parenting: Yay or Nay ? Essay1427 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversial topic globally. There are many different kinds of discussions about the LGBT community, such as gays and lesbians being parents. Some critics tend to believe that homosexual parenting is bad for kids, as if a person’s sexuality determines whether or not they are a good parent.. There is no definite proof that being homosexual makes you a good or bad parent. So, there is no way of being one-hundred percent sure that homosexual parenting results in gender role confusion, psychological harm, orRead MoreTraditional Approaches Of The Family1500 Words   |  6 Pagesquestion number four, â€Å"Many of the conversations within this class have discussed the different types of family and parenting. Discuss the major issues in parenting and the different styles. You may use examples from the American Family reader, class discussion and films.† These two questions were chosen based on their alluring and engaging information that is to be provoked from discussion of said topics. Within question one, it is to explain the traditional approaches of the family. A main approachRead MoreWomen of Jazz Essay1537 Words   |  7 Pagestalked about the beginning of high school and how she only had a very few handful of friends, mostly tended to be girls. This is due to â€Å"The Sex Cleavage†; girls hang out with girls and boys, with boys (Feldman, 2008). But as adolescents get older, hormones kick in and they being to find the opposite sex attractive and want to be friends with the opposite sex. She went on talking about the popular kids mostly guys that would make fun of her because she was not part of their clique or not cool enoughRead MoreHomosexuality Is Genetic Or Merely A Learning Process?1697 Words   |  7 Pagestake place beside us to find the answer to homosexuality, and in which science cannot prove or help solve the cause. The information of the article is closely going to explore the homosexuality in people’s life, but at the same time look at the perspective of adopting, parenting, and the outcome of children with homosexual parents. We are also going to look at polls in which the people have a say of what is â€Å"right and wrong† with a homosexual couple, and the debate wither homosexuality couples haveRead Moretwin studies Essay1158 Words   |  5 Pagesone sperm then splits after conception into two genetically identical halves. These twins share all of their genes and are the same sex. Fraternal, or dizygotic, twinning occurs when two eggs are released by the mother and fertilized by two separate sperm. Fraternal twins share on average half of their genes, just like typical siblings. They can be the same sex or opposite sex. About two-thirds of all twins are fraternal. Summary This article discusses about twins separated and the geneticRead MoreParental Stress And Child Development1292 Words   |  6 Pagesearly age, will affect cognitive development, school readiness, behavioral problems, and lifestyle. The majority of the research regarding the topic of stress and child development used a longitudinal method. There is a significant correlation with parenting and child coping competence, school readiness, and lifestyle. However, it is very likely that parents are not the only ones who can play a role in child development. Teachers, caregivers, social influencers can also play a role in a child’s competenceRead MoreWhy Same Sex Marriage Is Morally Right And Should Be Legally Recognized1648 Words   |  7 Pagesobservations and opinions on matrimony and its true meaning have changed extensively. Marriage is not less valued currently, but it s definitely being viewed differently, for homosexuals especially. Within this research, we are going to ex amine why same sex marriage is morally right and should be legally recognized. Traditionally, according to Barnes he mentioned that the greatest amount of people in the United States believe that a traditional marriage entails, â€Å"Brides wearing their long elegant white

Drama And Theatre Essay Example For Students

Drama And Theatre Essay The question asked is what is drama? Can we truly define it? Is there atextbook definition of something that can be so personal? What is drama inrelation to theatre? Why is drama so important? What are its uses, its aims?Some have said that drama develops self-esteem and encourages creativity andimagination. This is true, and will be demonstrated through examples frompersonal experiences. Usually the first thing that occurs in a drama class isthat someone will ask for a definition of the word drama. Most of the class willlook away, as if in deep thought praying that they are not called on, becausethey do not know the answer. At first glance, it seems a simple question, but asone begins to delve into the true nature of drama, the answer is not so cut anddry. For some, drama is a type of television show, such as a hospital or lawyershow. For others, it is that section of the movie rental place where all chickflicks are. For still others, drama means Sophocles, Euripides, and Aeschylus. For teachers, drama means all and none of these things. A clear definition isneeded in order to lead the students in various activities, and towards variousgoals. What good is it to have the students explore within themselves if theteacher does not know what the aim or direction of the exploration is? Manyteachers claim that their purpose of drama is to develop the childs sense ofself. This however is slightly vague. Most people in education strive for thisin one way or another. Bettering the child in body mind and spirit is a generalgoal for teachers, so this idea is not particular to drama. So then, whatexactly is drama? There is one school of thought that defines it as anexpressive process which is best understood through the idea of symbolizationand its role in the discovery and communication of meaning(McGregor 24). This is an accurate definition, as it also goes on to explain that drama ismulti-faceted and that he child gains experience through voice,language, the body as prime means of expression; and the associated media oflight, sound and space(McGregor 24). I have had many opportunities toparticipate in dramatic activities, and to express myself in different ways. Onesuch activity I engaged in was a dance drama while attending my final year ofhigh school in Toledo. The song was entitled Forever Young and it was aboutgrowing up and growing old without knowing ones place in life, without everbeing happy. The melody was almost regretful in tone, and the lyrics werepleading in nature. At this point in time, I was two months away fromgraduation, about to leave the place I had called home for five years. I was notyet ready to leave my youth and enter into the unknown world of university. Iwas afraid, reluctant, and introspective, much like the protagonist of the song. Through dance, two other girls and I expressed our feelings on graduation. Weused gentle movements; always aware of the softness of the angles our bodieswere making. The arms were always curved, the head rolling into positions, asopposed to jerking. The lights were dimmed, with only a pale, white lightfocused on the center of the stage, giving it a bit of a glow. Since we hadthree characters, we decided to act out three stages in life: the child, theteenager, and the adult. The child was dancing in the center of the stage,playing with the light, dancing with imaginary friends, happy, carefree,oblivious to its surroundings, and interested only in the moment. The teenagerwas standing just beyond the light of childhood, attempting to interact with thechild, but never actually crossing the light. She would circle around it, lookinward with longing, then turn with her back to the light, facing adulthood withfear and trepidation. She would take a few steps in one direction, then turn theot her way, and take a few more steps, as if she were lost and confused, like ina maze. She could always see the child behind her, but not the adult in front ofher. The teenagers movements were mostly turns, implying confusion, andconstant changes of direction. The adult was seated on the edge of the stage,watching the action. She began as an observer, as if remembering her past, butas the dance continued, she would stand up, walk around a little, then sit backdown again, making good use of levels, but never distracting from the mainaction. The adult was reminiscent; she watched and reacted to the other two asif reliving her time as a teenager and her apprehensions on growing up. We wereexpressing our fears and worries through body movements and non-verbalexpressions. Each of us had the chance to play all three roles, so we couldexperience three different emotions. Switching around like that allowed us tosee the issue from different points of view. After this experience, we all felta l ittle more at ease with the transition we were about to make and ourselves. By expressing our fears, we had overcome them. When developing ones selfthrough drama, there are a number of things one can concentrate on. The first isthe senses. By using all of ones senses, whether each by itself or all at once,one begins to explore themselves and ones surroundings in greater detail thanever before. One becomes more aware of the physical world, i.e. the sound of thewind through the grass, the taste of a hand, and this leads to being moresocially aware in the future. The senses are heightened, allowing the individualto be more perceptive around others and therefore have better relations in theadult world. Another aspect one can concentrate on is body movement andnon-verbal communication. We say so much about ourselves through body language. Free Persuasives: Media Bias in the Stem Cel EssayMany traditionalists extrapolated from this statement that he was anti-theatre. He was not anti-theatre, he merely felt that not all activities had to beperformed; some were for self-exploration only. He wanted to turn away from theformalised styles designed to make all children sound like little adults andturn back to the natural direction that children wanted to take. Slade stood forpersonal circles and child-centred activity and individualisation. It wasnot until Dorothy Heathcote came along that the focus went back to theimportance of the collective experience and in doing so brought again tothe fore the possibility of group members becoming united in their sharedresponse to dramatic symbols(Bolton 31). Dorothy Heathcote concentrated onthe material objects that the drama was based on. She took a scientificapproach; to her the material objects of the world provide the commonsource of the scientists view of knowledge (Bolton 59). Content is veryimportant to her; the action must be focused on some topic or object. The childwill be aware of the object and by exa mining and exploring it, he/she willcelebrate it. Brian Way, another celebrated dramatist, has a different view ofdrama and development from Dorothy Heathcote. He is very close associate ofPeter Slade, and hence their styles are similar. Way tried to educate teachersto understand that children were capable of more than just clowning around on astage. They could reach into themselves and explore feelings such as sorrow andpain. There are four things that Brian Way concentrated on: (1) the individual,(2) exercises, (3) expanding horizons of what may be included in a drama lessonand (4) intuition. Some teachers who felt as if they had to train each child byitself and who subsequently ignored the group unfortunately misconstrued hiswork on the importance of the individual. Way included in his books a number ofexercises that teachers could use as a starting point for their classes. Theseexercises consisted of instructions that the teacher would continually give tothe students which put t he teacher almost entirely in control, it alsoinvites a particular kind of mental disposition from theparticipants(Bolton 48). He also strove to include a number of topics intocreative drama, in order to teach the children about as many aspects of life aspossible. He incorporates all these ideas into one phrase, his definition of thefunction of drama: the enquirer to moments of direct experience,transcending mere knowledge, enriching the imagination, possibly touching theheart and soul as well as the mind(Way 1). I believe that Ways definitionof drama is the one I most agree with. For me, drama has always allowed me tobecome characters that I would never play in real life. Play-acting has made memore creative; I can use my imagination to its full potential, as I no longerfeel threatened by an audience. I have always found play-acting and othercreative drama exercises to be therapeutic whenever I was distressed. Byinteracting with others in the group I have developed an appreciation for themind and for the spirit. My view of society has changed; each one of us has aplace in it, and it is up to the individual to define that place, however it isthe duty of the group to adapt to each individual. This is the only way to leada successful and happy life outside of the classroom, in the real world. WorksCited Bolton, Gavin. Drama as Education: An argument for placing Drama at thecentre of the curriculum. BibliographyLongman Group Limited, 1984. McGregor, Lynn, Maggie Tate, and Ken Robinson. Learning Through Drama. London: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd., 1977. Slade,Peter. Child Drama. London: University of London Press Ltd., 1954 Way, Brian. Development Through Drama. London: Longman Group Limited, 1967.

Marketing Medicine and Advertising Dreams in China

Sherman Cochran’s article, Marketing Medicine and Advertising: Dreams in China, 1900-1950, elucidates how Chinese business people had used varied marketing strategies in order to appeal to the locals. Chinese entrepreneurs as well as Westerners attempted to infiltrate into this giant Asian market by including cultural beliefs and western alternatives in their advertisements.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marketing Medicine and Advertising: Dreams in China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, Huang Chujiu capitalized on Chinese yearn for western solutions to their longstanding challenges to sell Ailuo Brain Tonic drug, which had both Chinese and Western naming styles in order to present itself as a possible solution to the natives (Cochran 71). The article reveals how Huang used his charismatic and slippery character to gain national recognition. In another aspect, Huang took advantage of anti-J apanese boycotts in his country to bump into the national scene in selling Human Elixir. In these activities, Huang amalgamated his commercial ideas and societal tastes and preferences to realize continuous growth. In carrying out mass advertising, Huang contracted artistic services from Zheng Mantuo and Hang Zhiying, who borrowed various fashion designs from the West. The two artists had to inculcate Chinese practices in designing their products in order to control the market. When Chinese elites altered the Western culture, it became difficult for Chinese citizens to understand fully the provisions and practices of the West. This is evident from the numerous rebellions and boycotts that western nations witnessed during this period. Even though the article presents Chinese as people who chose freely, it is not absolute since Huang and other entrepreneurs had to inculcate more of Chinese civilization in order to be certain of their continuous existence (Cochran 88). For instance, wh en Huang introduced the new medicine, he had to mingle traditional naming and Western style to remain relevant. Besides, the technique that Huang used in advertising Human Elixir medicine by taking advantage of boycotts to paint the product as national reveals a society that is not actually free to decide on what to consume. Although China was in need of Western solutions to solve their problems, most of their slogans encouraged the locals to consume locally made products.Advertising Looking for report on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The scheme that businesses had to conform to the Chinese traditions displays a society that is not open to accept external products. Therefore, they only consume such products since there are no alternative from the local scene. In advertising Human Elixir, Huang covered large market by using simple symbols that both illiterate and literate Chinese consumers could read, comprehend, and r emember easily (Cochran 85). However, the use of boycotts and sanctions on foreign entrepreneurs as ways of making local entrepreneurs sell their products are ill motive acts. This shows lack of appreciation for the support that Western countries had given China as well as their direct imitation of foreign models, ideologies, advertisement commands, and financial management tips. The move violates international trade agreements among trading partners, thus resulting in inter-state hostility. The article fails to give clear opinion on business successful operation, as to whether it relies on societal expectations or commercial artists. From the analysis of mass advertising, it is evident that all the parameters play significant roles in business functions. For instance, Huang used economic nationalism to include Chinese national symbols of flag and flagpole and trademarks representing national competitiveness and traditional harmony to gain market confidence (Cochran 89). Zheng also painted portraits of classical Chinese beauties, but on limited scales. In these aspects, they were relying on society to advertise their businesses. In marketing and advertising, entrepreneurs always apply creativity, but they must be in line with the customers’ requirements. Even though entrepreneurs have to introduce new ideas, they must borrow ideas from other regions given the current globalization trend. Works Cited Cochran, Sherman. â€Å"Marketing Medicine and Advertising Dreams in China, 1900– 1950.† Journal of Advertising 2.1 (2008): 63-97. Print.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marketing Medicine and Advertising: Dreams in China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This report on Marketing Medicine and Advertising: Dreams in China was written and submitted by user Lexie Pate to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

TABLE OF CONTENTS HEADING PAGE NUMBER 1. Table Of Contents 1 2. Table

TABLE OF CONTENTS HEADING PAGE NUMBER 1. Table of Contents 1 2. Table of Illustrations 2 3. Introduction 3 4. Body of work 4 to 8 5. Conclusion 9 6. Illustrations 10 to 12 7. Bibliography 13 8. Glossary 14 to 16 9. Index 17 to 19 TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS HEADING PAGE NUMBER 1. Inside the Head 10 2. Inside the Brain 11 3. Areas and Jobs 12 INTRODUCTION NOTE: All words in bold print will be found in the glossary. The human body is divided into many different parts called organs. All of the parts are controlled by an organ called the brain, which is located in the head. The brain weighs about 2.75 pounds, and has a whitish-pink appearance. The brain is made up of many cells, and is the control ce ntre of the body. The brain flashes messages out to all the other parts of the body. The messages travel in very fine threads called nerves. The nerves and the brain make up a system somewhat like telephone poles carrying wires across the city. This is called the nervous system. The nerves in the body don't just send messages from the brain to the organs, but also send messages from the eyes, ears, skin and other organs back to your brain. Some nerves are linked directly to the brain. Others have to reach the brain through a sort of power line down the back, called the spinal cord. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system. The brain doesn't just control your organs, but also can think and remember. That part of the brain is called the mind. PROTECTING THE BRAIN Twenty-eight bones make up the skull. Eight of these bones are interlocking plates. These plates form the cranium. The cranium provides maximum protection with minimum weight, the ideal com bination. The other twenty bones make up the face, jaw and other parts of the skull. Another way the brain keeps it self safe is by keeping itself in liquid. Nearly one fifth of the blood pumped by the heart is sent to the brain. The brain then sends the blood through an intricate network of blood vessels to where the blood is needed. Specialized blood vessels called choroid plexuses produce a protective cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid is what the brain literally floats in. A third protective measure taken by the brain is called the blood brain barrier. This barrier consists of a network of unique capillaries. These capillaries are filters for harmful chemicals carried by the blood, but do allow oxygen, water and glucose to enter the brain. THE DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF THE BRAIN The brain is divided into three main sections. The area at the front of the brain is the largest. Most of it is known as the cerebrum. It controls all of the movements that you have to think about, thought and memory. The cerebrum is split in two different sections, the right half and the left half. The outer layer of the cerebrum is called the cortex. It is mainly made up of cell bodies of neurons called grey matter. Most of the work the brain does is done in the cortex. It is very wrinkled and has many folds. The wrinkles and folds give the cortex a large surface area, even though it is squeezed up to fit in the skull. The extra surface area gives the cerebrum more area to work. Inside the cortex, the cerebrum is largely made up of white matter. White matter is tissue made only of nerve fibres. The middle region is deep inside the brain. It's chief purpose is to connect the front and the back of the brain together. It acts as a "switchboard", keeping the parts of your brain in touch with each other. The back area of the brain is divided into three different parts. The pons is a band of nerve fibres which link the back of the brain to the middle. The cerebellum sees to it that a ll the parts of your body work as a team. It also makes sure you keep your balance. The medulla is low down at the back of your head. It links the

A Review of the Dr. Seuss Classic, The Lorax

A Review of the Dr. Seuss Classic, The Lorax Since The Lorax, a picture book by Dr. Seuss, was first published in 1971, it has become a classic. For many children, the Lorax character has come to symbolize concern for the environment. However, the story has been somewhat controversial, with some adults embracing it and others seeing it as anti-capitalist propaganda. The story is more serious than most Dr. Seuss books and the moral more direct, but his wonderful zany illustrations, use of rhyme and made-up words and unique characters lighten the story and make it appealing to children 6 and older. The Story A little boy who wants to learn about the Lorax explains to the reader that the only way to find out about the Lorax is to go to the old Once-lers home and give him ...fifteen cents/and a nail/and the shell of a great grandfather snail... to tell the story. The Once-ler tells the boy it all began long ago when there was an abundance of brightly colored Truffula trees and no pollution. The Once-ler concentrated on expanding his business, adding to the factory, shipping more and more fruit and making more and more money. In telling the story to the little boy, the Once-ler assured him, I meant no harm. I most truly did not. / But I had to grow bigger. So bigger I got. The Lorax, a creature who speaks on behalf of the trees, appears to complain about the pollution from the factory. The smoke was so bad that the Swomee-Swans could no longer sing. The Lorax sent them off to escape the smog. The Lorax also angrily pointed out that all of the byproducts from the factory were polluting the pond and he also took the Humming-Fish away. The Once-ler had grown tired of the Loraxs complaints and angrily yelled at him that the factory was going to get bigger and bigger. But just then, they heard a loud sound. It was the sound of the very last Truffula tree falling. With no more Truffula trees available, the factory closed. All the Once-lers relatives left. The Lorax left. What remained was the Once-ler, an empty factory and pollution. The Lorax disappeared, leaving only a small piece of rocks, with the one word...UNLESS. For years, the Once-ler wondered and worried about what that meant. Now he tells the young boy he understands. UNLESS someone like you cares a whole awful lot, nothing is going to get better. Its not. The Once-ler then throws the very last Truffula tree seed down to the boy and tells him hes in charge. He needs to plant the seed and protect it. Then, maybe the Lorax and the other animals will return. Impact What makes The Lorax so effective is the combination of a step-by-step look at cause and effect: how unfettered greed can destroy the environment, followed by an emphasis on positive change through individual responsibility. The storys end emphasizes the impact one person, no matter how young, can have. While the rhyming text and entertaining illustrations keep the book from being too heavy, Dr. Seuss definitely gets his point across. Because of this, the book is frequently used in elementary and middle school classrooms. Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss was the most prominent of several pseudonyms that Theodor Seuss Geisel used for his childrens books. For an overview of some of his most well-known books, see.

Nursing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Nursing research - Essay Example Savory and Bennett (2006) noted that effective management of pain starts with ensuring accuracy during the assessment and evaluation of pain in children. While the most fundamental approach of evaluating and assessing pain is through self-reporting, it is evident that children are not able to communicate the pain they experienced to their mothers and healthcare professionals. In effect, Savory and Bennett (2006) identifies the importance of effective training of nurses who took care of children in order to ensure that the nurses understood the behavioral and physiological approach towards assessment and evaluation of pain in children, which underlines the importance of a pain nurse who will be visiting the wards each day. On the other hand, Twycross (2010) identified the importance of a pain nurse visiting the pediatric ward and noted that the nurse provides support to other nurses in the ward to make decisions regarding the assessment and evaluation of pain in children. In effect, t he pain nurse reduces stress associated with decision-making in regard to the intervention measures that the nurses use to asses, control, and manage pain in children. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American Pain Society (APS) (2001) noted that effective pain management should â€Å"involve families and tailor interventions to the individual child† (p.794). In this regard, tailoring the interventions to the individual child requires the parents input since the parents understand their children more than the healthcare practitioners understood these children under their care. In support of this proposition, Savory and Bennett (2006) noted that parents can provide nurses with their children’s â€Å"likes and dislikes, hobbies, and home environment† in order to tailor the intervention to the individual child. On the other hand, it is evident that parents understand the level of their child’s cognition and they have an existing trusting rela tionship with the children. In effect, parents play an important role of helping the nurses assess their children’s pain. Conversely, it is evident that parents provide the essential therapeutic touch during the process of pain management and control by comforting their children. In effect, this improves the management and control of pain in children. Internal and external validity Twycross (2011) study was qualitative in nature and involved carrying out a literature review using the British Nursing Index, CINAHL, and Medline in order to develop the literature. In effect, the findings of the research have both internal and external validity since the literature conducted used peer-reviewed articles published in the last fifteen years before the research study. In line with this, the study evaluated pain assessment procedures, pain control procedures, and pain management approaches used in children. Importantly, the pain management approaches that the research provided are app licable in all children regardless of their location or any other prevailing factors such as race, ethnicity, and their parents’ economic class. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American Pain Society (APS) (2001) carried a similar research study to Twycross in terms of the research design. In line with this, the researchers engaged in carrying out the study investigated the issue of pain management